Granted at Paris. Grant by King present W. earl of Albemarle, J. Mansel, P. de Sabaudia and R. Walerand.

Comments

Original source is;

• Lyte, H.C. Maxwell (ed), 1910, Calendar of Patent Rolls (1258-66) p. 108 online copy

(In fact, the original source given is usually a transcription/translation of what are precious medieval documents not readily availably. It should be noted that these transcription/translations often date to the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries and that unwitting bias of transcribers may affect the translation. Care should also be taken to avoid giving modern meaning to the medieval use of certain stock words and terms. Licentia is best translated as 'freedom to' not 'permission'.)

Significant later sources are;

• Coulson, Charles, 2007-8, 'On Crenellating, in Kent and Beyond - A Retrospection' The Castle Studies Group Journal Vol. 21 p. 189-201 esp p. 193-4

Clare, Richard de, sixth earl of Gloucester and fifth earl of Hertford (1222–1262)

Biographical source include;

• Michael Altschul, 2004, ‘Clare, Richard de, sixth earl of Gloucester and fifth earl of Hertford (1222–1262)’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press) online copy (subscription may be needed)