Granted at Westminster. Grant by Memorandum that on Friday the morrow of St. Leonards the king ordered the above-written letter to the said earl of Gloucester to be made in the presence of Roger le Bigod, earl marshal, Hugh le Bigod, the justiciary of England, Henry de Wengham, the chancellor, John Mansell, treasurer of York, and others of the council in the queen's chapel at Westminster..

Comments

Original source is;

• Lyte, H.C. Maxwell (ed), 1910, Calendar of Patent Rolls (1258-66) p. 61 online copy

(In fact, the original source given is usually a transcription/translation of what are precious medieval documents not readily availably. It should be noted that these transcription/translations often date to the nineteenth or early twentieth centuries and that unwitting bias of transcribers may affect the translation. Care should also be taken to avoid giving modern meaning to the medieval use of certain stock words and terms. Licentia is best translated as 'freedom to' not 'permission'.)

Significant later sources are;

• Coulson, C., 1994, 'Freedom to Crenellate by Licence - An Historiographical Revision' Nottingham Medieval Studies Vol. 38 p. 129n130
  King, D.J.C., 1983, Castellarium Anglicanum (London: Kraus) Vol. 1 p. 150n32

Clare, Richard de, sixth earl of Gloucester and fifth earl of Hertford (1222–1262)

Biographical source include;

• Michael Altschul, 2004, ‘Clare, Richard de, sixth earl of Gloucester and fifth earl of Hertford (1222–1262)’ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press) online copy (subscription may be needed)